Organoid models include three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems that closely resemble in vivo organ or tissue. These 3D systems reproduce the complex spatial morphology of a differentiated tissue to allow biologically relevant cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, ideally, sharing similar physiological responses with in vivo differentiated tissues.
The major focus of future organoid studies, beside the study of developmental processes, will most likely be in drug testing and disease modeling, such as developmental disorders, genetic conditions, cancer and degenerative disorders.
The hope is that organoids are another step in the long way towards in vitro construction of tissues and organs for transplantation in patients.
Types of Organoids
Kidney Organoids
Small Molecules
3D Growth Matrix
References
Xia Y. et al. (2014) Nature Protocols. 9:2693.
Xia Y. et al. (2013) Nature Cell Biology. 15:1507.
Takasato M. et al. (2014) Nat. Cell Biol. 16:118
Brain Organoids
Small Molecules
3D Growth Matrix
References
Lancaster M.A. and J. A. Knoblich (2014) Nat. Protocols.
9:2329
Mariani J. et al. (2015) Cell. 162:375
Li Y. et al. (2017) Cell Stem Cell 20:1
Inner Ear Organoids
3D Cell Matrix
References
Koehler K.R. and E. Hashino (2014) Nat. Protocols. 9:1229.
Immuno Germinal Center-like Organoids
Proteins & Growth Factors
Small Molecules
- None
3D Cell Matrix
References
Purwada A. and Singh A. (2017) Nat. Protocols. 12:168
Retina Organoids
Proteins & Growth Factors
Small Molecules
3D Cell Matrix
References
Nakano T. et al. (2012) Cell stem cell. 10: 771
Mammary Organoids
Proteins & Growth Factors
Small Molecules
3D Cell Matrix
References
Jardé T.et al. (2016) Nat. Commun. 7: 13207
Jamieson PR. et al. (2016) Develompent. :dev-145045
Stomach Organoids
Proteins & Growth Factors
Small Molecules
- Y 27632
- A 83-01
- Nicotinamide
- SB 202190
- Gastrin
3D Cell Matrix
References
Mahe M. et al. (2013) Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 3:217
Sato T. and H. Clevers (2015) Cell. 161:1700
Bartfeld S. et al. (2015) Gastroenterology. 148:126
Small Intestinal and Colonic Organoids
Proteins & Growth Factors
Small Molecules
3D Cell Matrix
References
Mahe M. et al. (2013) Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 3:217
Sato T. et al. (2011) Gastroenterology. 141:1762
Sato T. and H. Clevers (2015) Cell. 161:1700
Sato T. and H. Clevers (2009) Nature. 459:262
Jung P. et al. (2011) Nature Medicine. 17:1225
Liver Organoids
Small Molecules
3D Cell Matrix
References
Mahe M. et al. (2013) Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 3:217
Sato T. and H. Clevers (2015) Cell. 161:1700
Bartfeld S. et al. (2015) Gastroenterology. 148:126
Pancreatic Organoids
Proteins & Growth Factors
Small Molecules
3D Cell Matrix
References
Sato T. and H. Clevers (2015) Cell. 161:1700
Boj S.F. et al. (2015) Cell. 160:324.
Broutier L. et al. (2016) Nature Protocols. 11:1724
Prostate Organoids
Small Molecules
- A 83-01
- SB 202190
- Y 27632 Dihydrochloride
- Prostaglandin E2
- Nicotinamide
- Testosterone
3D Cell Matrix
References
Karthaus W.R. et al. (2014) Cell. 159:163.
Drost J. et al (2016) Nat. Protocols. 11:347
Lung Organoids
Small Molecules
3D Cell Matrix
References
Dye B.R. et al. (2015) eLIFE. 4:e05098